Preliminary
Although his subjects I called a Graphical User Interface (GUI I), but his materialis a form of Linux and Database. Indeed, had discussed also about the GUI in Linux.This paper contains the basic foundation of Linux, which consists of the History of Linux, the command structure in Linux,Directory and File, Process Standard File, User and Communication Anar VIM Text Editor.
Graphical User InterfaceI. IntroductionIn an Operating System (OS) or an application, in need of an interfaceor interface to the user in order to run the OS or application area with ease.There are two types of interfaces, namely:
1. Text Based
2. Graphical User InterfaceText Based: text-based interface.
Example: DOS or Console on LinuxGUI: Graphical Interface
Example: OS Windows or Desktop Environment in LinuxIn view of the GUI is easier and exciting in the appeal text based, because it has elements ofcolor and graphics that have 2 or 3 dimensional shapes including images, on appealText Based having only text.
Today, a growing number of applications and OS that implement a GUI forconvenience and performance of applications and the OS they will be, in addition to hardware technology as wellis very possible the application of better GUI.
To implement the GUI, in requiring a higher hardware specification of the textbased, namely: The computer screen, memory, processor and hard drive. But with conditionsCurrent hardware, it's not a problem in the application GUI.
In this lecture, we will discuss the application GUI in Linux OS and learnsome Linux commands and a MySQL database using PHPMyAdmin anddo not miss learning about the language of Generation-4.1. History of Linux
Linux, created by Linux Torvalds, a student of University of Helsinki in Finlandin 1991, the beginning of her is because of dissatisfaction from the Minix Licenserestrict its use only for education (preventing from commercial purposes).He made the Linux Kernel, which is a Linux core, on top of Minix by usinglanguage C. Linux has a GNU license, a license that allowssomeone to distribute and modify the source code freely andfree of charge.
Making Linux is done in mutual cooperation by many programmers whomost C / C + + Programmers around the world via the internet.
Linux is a penguin logo, because during the development of Linux, Torvalds hadin antuk by Penguin in a zoo that causes fever and its selfhe aspires to allow others to "fever" of Linux.
Linux own name in the adaptation of his name Linus.
Currently, Linux has some based Graphical Desktop Environment, inAmong them are:1. KDE (K Desktop Environment)2. GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment)
3. Icewm
KDE and GNOME are 2 Desktop Environment (DE) that runs on the popular
Linux and is a DE that requires high hardware specifications require
because it has a graphical display with high resolution, even for
apply the latest feature from the User Interface was also, like the 3D desktop effects in
need support graphics card or Graphical Card.
Linux also has a text-based interface that is often called the console or CLI
(Command Line Interface). To apply the Desktop Environment in need
The hardware specs are higher than the Command Line.
Advantages of using Linux
1. More secure
Separate the Linux file and directory permissions for normal user and super user or
the root. A normal user to give access only at certain directory in a folder for
store data, which is in the folder / home / name. Therefore, the security files
system and other files in the case of likely erased by the user.In addition to
It also requires a password setting system of the Super User.
2. More resistant to virus
Since the separation of the file access, lack of enabling a virus through the file
the system. In addition, Linux has no Registry in the know is where
the virus hides. In Linux there is also no exe file that can be jangkiti virus
and can spread the virus.
3. Free and can disseminate
Linux has a GNU license, a license that allows a person
to promulgate, modify and use Linux for free.
4. Hardware compatible with the old
Linux can be installed on the old hardware and it certainly does not apply in the GUI
this. TSB old hardware can be used for servers that do not require
The GUI. In this case, Linux requires low hardware specifications.
Losses Using Linux
1. Its few users
This also resulted in fewer people who can make the event
ask
fellow Linux users.
2. Support from the company does not exist
Especially for Linux is free, then the support and rely on manual
the community. There is no
guarantee against error and the consequences of error.
Some examples of Distribution
Here are some examples of linux distributions, namely:
- Fedora - Suse
- Red Hat - Mandriva, Ubuntu
The command structure in Linux
Linux has a GUI and Console for user interfaces. On this occasion we will
discuss the console on Linux is made in the interface for write commands.
On the console, there are two types of prompts, namely:
- $ Declared a regular user with a shell prompt type Korn shell, Bourne Shell or
Bourne Again
Shell.
-% Claimed regular user with a shell prompt type C Shell
- # Declare a prompt for the super user (root)
While the command structure in Linux on the console is as follows:
nama_perintah [options] [arguments ...]
description:
square brackets that is therein are optional, there can be
not
point mark three times (...) states that the component in front of this sign can be repeated
several times
nama_perintah can be a command that already exists in linux / unix shell scripts or
and application, stating the command to be executed by the shell
options (options) to alter or add to the default action of the command
argument stating the object to be processed by the command, this section usually
the form of files, but there also contains data that is processed.
Example:
Syntax: ls
Function: To display the list of file names
Example:
[Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ ls
note
[Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ ls-l
total of 4
-Rw-r-r - 1 Sofwan Sofwan 25 records 2011-03-05 14:33
Description:
- The-l parameter: For a long listing format
--Rw-r-r -: The structure of a file security
- Sofwan Sofwan: This file is owned by the user: Sofwan and group: Sofwan
- 25: Size of bytes
- 2011-03-05 14:33: Date of file creation
- Note: The name of the file
For more complete information about a command, you can use the command
as follows:
nama_perintah-help
or
man nama_perintah
Some of the options that exist in the ls command is:
--A - all show all files, including those at the start with a point
--F Not the sort, enable-au and me disable-ls -
color
--H-human readable by using the-l also, print size in the format
which
easy to read.
- Using the-l long listing format
--R-reverse in reverse order when sorting
For another example of the syntax is:
[Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ df - total
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/ Dev/sda5 20G 13G 66% 6.4 G /
/ Dev/sda7 9.7 G 9.7 G 5.3 G 46% / home
17g total 30G 12G 60%
Description:
df: syntax to determine the condition of the hard drive
parameters - total: Print a total value
Ls In addition, there are several other commands, such as:
- Pwd → To know the current directory
Example: [Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ pwd
/ Home / Sofwan
- Whoami host name → To know oneself
Example: [Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ whoami
Sofwan
- Date → To know the current date in the computer
Example: [Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ date
Sun Mar 6 14:17:33 CDT 2011
Changing Password
Before discussing change your password, we learn how to create a user, which is as follows:
1. Enable user superuser, by the way:
[Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ su
2. You will be ask your password, enter its password:
[Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ su
password:
3. [Root @ Sofwan Sofwan] #
Prompt at the top indicates the user is a superuser or root.
4. Enter the following syntax: adduser nama_user, eg, user name is Herman.
[Root @ Sofwan Sofwan] # useradd herman
5. Can also use the following options:
-D home directory
-G (primary group)
-M (home directory)
Once a user is formed, we can provide the password, by the way:
1. At the root account:
[Root @ Sofwan Sofwan] # passwd herman
Changing password for user ali.
Password:
2. Enter a password, and then appears:
[Root @ Sofwan Sofwan] # passwd herman
Password:
BAD PASSWORD: it is based on a dictionary word
Retype new password:
After typing the password for his second time, the system can comment on the password
already, such as BAD PASSWORD. If you want to keep using the password they will be,
continue to retype the password Retype new or TSB.
Password that has been formed, can we change with the same command, ie: passwd.
If the login is active in the user that will change his name, enough with the passwd, but if
active login is root, then the user needs to type his name, like: passwd herman.Adding Users and password and change it we can do with a GUI.OnMandriva, we go into the Mandriva Linux Control Center → System → Manage Users onSystem.To enter the Mandriva Linux Control Center in need the root password.
Figure 1: User and group settings
In the User and Group settings menu you can add, delete and edit userand group.
Directories and FilesA. File TypesThere are 7 types of file types on Linux and type of encoding, namely:
1. Regular Files -
2. Directories d
3. Character Device Files c
4. Block Device Files b
5. Local Domain Sockets s
6. Named Pipes p
7. Symbolic Links lThis file type can be in the know by using the command ls-l. In the example above, for example:[Sofwan Sofwan @ ~] $ ls-ltotal of 4-Rw-r-r - 1 Sofwan Sofwan 25 records 2011-03-05 14:33In the example above, the beginning of the sentence above results are -, means that the file record isregular file.B. Operations on the Directory
Create Directory.
Command: mkdir [OPTION] ... DIRECTORY ...
Example: mkdir data → Create a data directory
- Removing Directories
Syntax: rmdir [OPTION]
Example: rmdir remove directory data → data
Note: The directory must be deleted empty
To delete all data in the following directory within it, you canuse
command: rm-rf nama_direktori
Example: rm-fr my data
Description: Delete the following directory of my data in its data without anyquestion
confirmation.
- Rename the directory
Syntax: mv [OPTION] ... SOURCE DEST
example: mv data data1
Description: rename data directory into the directory data1
- Copying Directory
Syntax: cp [OPTION] ... SOURCE DEST
Example:
[Sofwan @ Sofwan data2] $ cp * ../data3
Description: Copy all files and directories into the folder data3, which
situated
parallel to the data2 directory.
C. Operations on files
Creating a File
Creating a file can be done by storing document files into the
a folder,
eg, typing a letter in the application writer and store its files in the document
certain.
- Change the file
To change the content, ie by opening the file in the application
accordance with the
types of files and make modifications, then save again.
To rename a file, it can be done by:
Syntax: mv [OPTION] ... [-T] SOURCE DEST
Example: mv my data dataku1
- Delete a file
By the way:
Syntax: rm [OPTION] ... FILE ...
example: rm record
Description: After executing the above commands, you will be in confirmation
for right-
completely remove the file.
- Copying files
Syntax: cp [OPTION] ... SOURCE DEST
Example:
[Sofwan @ Sofwan data2] $ cp note ../data3
Description: Copying files into the folder data3 record, which lies parallel
with
data2 directory.
Directory and file operations can also be done by using a file manager,
both the
Text or GUI based. Each file manager provides the basic operations,
such as creating,
open, edit, search, rename, move, copy and delete files.
Www.linuxlinks.com site displays 14 files in linux qualified manager
high, namely:
File Manager Specification
Dolphin default file manager for KDE 4
EmelFM2 Orthodox file manager using GTK + 2
Endeavour Mark II is a complete file management
GNOME Commander Orthodox File Manager for GNOME
Orthodox advanced Krusader File Manager for KDE
Midnight Commander File Manager Orthodox User friendly
Spatial Nautilus File Manager, Default exists for GNOME
PCMan Default File Manager File Manager for LXDE
ROX-Filer RISC OS-like spatial filer
Thunar file manager for Xfce Desktop modern new
Environment
Xfe Very similar to Windows Explorer
4Pane File Manager GTK + 4 pane detail
There is also a web browser to function as a file manager, his example iskonqueror. Konqueror is a file manager for KDE. Konqueror is also auniversal viewing application that can mengembed read-only component towithin its own to display documents without ever merunning applicationits other.
Konqueror to download for free and find out in more detail,you can visit www.konqueror.org
Process Standard FileCAT commandCat command can be used to create the file, namely by:cat> filename <enter>sentence 1 <enter>sentence 2 <enter><ctrl-d>To display files in a way:cat filenameExample:cat> my name <enter>Sofwan my name, origin betawi <enter>land formerly betawi his name batavia <enter><ctrl-d>Note: In Linux, not in the know an extension that indicates the type of file, but if theadd the extension as it was in Windows, Linux can too. Linux allowsfile name has a lot of points.String Searching with GrepGrep, works to find a string or character within a file. Ifcharacters are found, then the search results will be printed with the fontis different.Command: grep [OPTION] ... PATTERN [FILE] ...Example: grep-i 'Name' recordDescription: Search for the word name in the file recordSome of the Option that exist, namely:-I - ignore-case ignore case sensitive-C - count print the number of characters that matchSorting Data with the sortsort function to sort the data contained in a text file and the resultsits display on the screen or stored to a file other.The command:sort [OPTION] ... [FILE] ...Example: There is a file that contains data as follows:Ali Nurdin 100 AlgorithmBudi Wahyudi 90 GUI IIin Fatimah 80 programming IIISusi Susanti 70 Data StructuresAnwar Husin 100 Algorithm
Sort assumes, among a field with other fields separated by a space.The following data will be sorted by name on the front.Sort +1 -1 nameOutput:Ali Nurdin 100 AlgorithmAnwar Husin 100 AlgorithmBudi Wahyudi 90 GUI IIin Fatimah 80 programming IIISusi Susanti 70 Data StructuresDescription: Sorting based on the first field on the first word.Sort has several options, namely:-F: Making deem all lines in lowercase-R: In sort by Descending / From large to small-N: Sorting a column in numerical order-Tx: Using x as the separator (x can be a comma (,), colon (:), etc.)
COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN USER
Linux is a reliable Operating System on Workstation, especially on the server. In
a LAN, Linux can become a Server and Workstation. A Server
can communicate with the server, as well as between workstations.
There are some syntax that allows you to be able to communicate
with other users, among them are as follows:
1. write
Function: Sends a message to another user
Structure: write user [ttyname]
Example: $ write johan
If a user logged in more than one terminal, you can choose, in the terminal
Where did it go
will be up to the user, for example:
$ Write johan tty1
At the terminal in going to, will written form following message:
Message from yourname @ yourhost on yourtty at hh: mm ...
In this command, every line you write, will appear in the terminal at the destination. If
the recipient of the message you want to reply to the message, then he must also use
write commands as well.
2. mesg
Function: Set the status can / can not receive messages from the write function.
Structure: mesg [y | n]
Example:
$ Mesg y (To be able to receive messages)
$ Mesg n (To be able to reject message)
3. wall
Function: To send a broadcast message to the user with status
mesg
is y.
Structure: wall [message]
Example: $ wall hello, how are you all?
4. mail
Function: To send a mail message to a user on the network
the same.
Structure: mail USERNAME
Example: $ mail Sofwan
Subject: opan
Hello ... How are you doing (Press Ctrl-D, if already completed)
After pressing Ctrl-D, it will be written EOT.
E-Mail Client on Linux
E-Mail Client is an application to draw, save and send e-mail.
Mail Client Incoming and Outgoing Protocol need to be able to receive and
retrieve e-mail. One is Incoming POP3 protocol and one protocol
for Outgoing is smtp. TSB protocol address belongs to an ISP or mail provider
you have an account in her, such as yahoo.com and gmail.com.
According to about.com, there is a Linux / Unix E-mail client as a substitute e-mail client
in the Windows environment, namely:
1. Evolution - Linux E-mail Program
E-mail client and calendar application and in its group ware, such as Outlook
as well as
match with the email program in the features and functionality.
2. Mozilla Thunderbird
E-mail client has a lot of features, safe and has an RSS feed reader and
filter
junk-mail. There are also several other features in it.
3. K-mail
This terbundled mail client by default with KDE. Easy to use.
4. Balsa-Linux E-mail Program
Is a mail client that automatically terbundled in GNOME.
5. Sylpheed
Mail client that has a user friendly interface.
6. Alpine
Console-based Mail Client is a powerful.
TEXT EDITOR VIM
Vim (Vi Improved) is the original editor of Linux / Unix, which is an improved versionof vi. Vim terbundled in many versions of Linux / Unix. Vim application measuring only6kb. In addition there are versions of Unix / Linux and FreeBSD, Vim is also available in versions of OSOther, namely: AmigaOS, Atari MINT, BeOS, DOS, MacOS, NextStep, OS / 2, OSF, RiscOS,SGI, UNIX, VMS, Win16 + Win32.Vim runs on the console, but the mouse can be in use in this editor. Vimcan be used for programming or writing text for the purposes of the report.To use this editor, the learning curve needed some time, souser can recognize and understand the commands in vim. Vim is nota word processor such as OpenOffice.org writer that provides a WYSIWYG,Vim is great for editing TeX.
Vim is made and is maintained by Bram Moolenaar <bram@vim.org>. Vim ischarity-ware, which in the invite for you to help the orphans inUganda. Vim is open source and invite everyone to be able toimprove its performance.
Some feature of Vim is as follows:
- Starter Editor - User Friendly
- Vim is much easier compared with vi, because there is online help inextensive.
- Text formatting and Visual modeYou can select text visually with Highlighting, for in doing surgeryin the text, such as cut, paste and delete.
- History
Vim has a history to command and search. So you can recallher.
- Scripting
Vim has a built-in scripting language for easy extension.
- Memory LimitsVim has a limited memory for line length and buffer size are moreof vanilla vi.
- Has Text-Highlighting the programming file type, eg: php file
Using Vim
1. Starting VimType $ vim at the console.
2. To start entering text, start by typing in the insert.
3. After pressing the insert, in the lower left, printed insert
4. You can type the words you want to type in Vim.
5. To use the command, at the time of the status of the insert, press esc, for
to the status of syntax.
6. There are a lot of syntax that is used by vim, some of its
are:: W → Writing files to disc. File remains open: X → Writing files to disc. Files are also closed: Q! → Close the file without saving to a disc
7. To be able to summon help, use:: HelpOr use certain words after help, namely:: Help searchIt will appear the window help. To get out of the windows page, use: q!
8. You can use the cursor left, right, up or down to
ekursor move in between the words.
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